INFLAMMATIONS OF RESPIRATORY TRACT: TRACHEA

The scientific name for the windpipe is the trachea. It is often involved in infections of the throat and the bronchial tubes. Any virus or germ that can produce inflammation of the respiratory tract can also cause the lining of the trachea to become infected. It is possible for the experts to see the lining of the trachea by the use of the bronchoscope.
When the lining of the trachea becomes inflamed the most typical symptom is the cough. These coughs are non-productive, hacking, and metallic. They tend to be worse after the person goes to bed and during the night. An acute inflammation of the trachea is accompanied by rawness, tightness, and discomfort, sometimes even pain, in the lower part of the neck and behind the upper part of the breastbone, or sternum. As the inflammation goes on, there is mucus, and finally a good deal of sputum and mucus may be expectorated. If the infection is purulent, as with the staphylococcus or streptococcus, the material coughed up will be a mixture of mucus and pus.
These conditions can be helped by the usual treatment that is given to other inflammations of the respiratory tract. That means going to bed for a few days, applying warmth, and producing rest by the use of appropriate remedies which the doctor prescribes. Often inhalations of warm vapor treated with medicated oils help to bring relief.
In some instances the acute inflammation of the trachea becomes chronic. In such cases the cough is irritating and frequent. When these symptoms are present it becomes necessary for the doctor to make certain that the patient does not have tuberculosis or any other condition affecting the lungs. In such cases it is customary to prohibit smoking. Often, residence in a warm, dry climate is advisable. The use of anti-infectious remedies such as the sulfonamides and penicillin are important in eliminating infection.
*23/318/5*

INFLAMMATIONS OF RESPIRATORY TRACT: TRACHEAThe scientific name for the windpipe is the trachea. It is often involved in infections of the throat and the bronchial tubes. Any virus or germ that can produce inflammation of the respiratory tract can also cause the lining of the trachea to become infected. It is possible for the experts to see the lining of the trachea by the use of the bronchoscope.When the lining of the trachea becomes inflamed the most typical symptom is the cough. These coughs are non-productive, hacking, and metallic. They tend to be worse after the person goes to bed and during the night. An acute inflammation of the trachea is accompanied by rawness, tightness, and discomfort, sometimes even pain, in the lower part of the neck and behind the upper part of the breastbone, or sternum. As the inflammation goes on, there is mucus, and finally a good deal of sputum and mucus may be expectorated. If the infection is purulent, as with the staphylococcus or streptococcus, the material coughed up will be a mixture of mucus and pus.These conditions can be helped by the usual treatment that is given to other inflammations of the respiratory tract. That means going to bed for a few days, applying warmth, and producing rest by the use of appropriate remedies which the doctor prescribes. Often inhalations of warm vapor treated with medicated oils help to bring relief.In some instances the acute inflammation of the trachea becomes chronic. In such cases the cough is irritating and frequent. When these symptoms are present it becomes necessary for the doctor to make certain that the patient does not have tuberculosis or any other condition affecting the lungs. In such cases it is customary to prohibit smoking. Often, residence in a warm, dry climate is advisable. The use of anti-infectious remedies such as the sulfonamides and penicillin are important in eliminating infection.*23/318/5*

COPING WITH ADULT NIGHTMARES

Some sleep experts advocate methods whereby sleepers train themselves to awaken as soon as a troubling dream begins, by recognizing certain settings, sounds, people, or emotions. They are urged to get out of bed, once awake, and sit calmly for a few minutes, perhaps stroking their arms or wrists as a form of neural relaxation. Another technique is to keep a dream journal, writing down the dreams immediately after waking. The simple act of writing can occupy one’s mind long enough to minimize the damage from the dream; more important, perhaps, the record of dreams may help the sufferer gain insight into his or her dream patterns and reach a reconciliation with the emotional source of the nightmare.
In more severe cases some kind of insight-oriented therapy under professional guidance can be very helpful. especially when problems of fear, mistrust, or deep-seated anger are found to be the cause of nightmares. During the therapeutic process nightmares can be cast in a positive light by interpreting them as clues to the issues that tease and trouble the victim—the emotional stumbling blocks that prevent the attainment of peace of mind.
If time and counseling are insufficient, or if the problem is acute (as in cases involving overtly psychotic behavior), some form of drug therapy with antipsychotic medications may be indicated. A benzodiazepine such as clonazepam (Klonepin), also used in the treatment of nocturnal myoclonus, may help to restore the muscle-paralyzing mechanism in REM sleep. Special attention must be paid to depressed individuals, especially men, because they tend to avoid seeking professional help and are at higher risk of suicide.
*306\226\8*

COPING WITH ADULT NIGHTMARESSome sleep experts advocate methods whereby sleepers train themselves to awaken as soon as a troubling dream begins, by recognizing certain settings, sounds, people, or emotions. They are urged to get out of bed, once awake, and sit calmly for a few minutes, perhaps stroking their arms or wrists as a form of neural relaxation. Another technique is to keep a dream journal, writing down the dreams immediately after waking. The simple act of writing can occupy one’s mind long enough to minimize the damage from the dream; more important, perhaps, the record of dreams may help the sufferer gain insight into his or her dream patterns and reach a reconciliation with the emotional source of the nightmare.In more severe cases some kind of insight-oriented therapy under professional guidance can be very helpful. especially when problems of fear, mistrust, or deep-seated anger are found to be the cause of nightmares. During the therapeutic process nightmares can be cast in a positive light by interpreting them as clues to the issues that tease and trouble the victim—the emotional stumbling blocks that prevent the attainment of peace of mind.If time and counseling are insufficient, or if the problem is acute (as in cases involving overtly psychotic behavior), some form of drug therapy with antipsychotic medications may be indicated. A benzodiazepine such as clonazepam (Klonepin), also used in the treatment of nocturnal myoclonus, may help to restore the muscle-paralyzing mechanism in REM sleep. Special attention must be paid to depressed individuals, especially men, because they tend to avoid seeking professional help and are at higher risk of suicide.*306\226\8*

SOME ALLERGENS CAUSING PERENNIAL ALLERGIC RHINITIS

Mammals
Although they are not major constituents of modern home furnishings, horse hair and cow hair were at one time used as stuffing in furniture and mattresses, as well as in mattings, padding, and felts. Exposure to these allergens can still occur via older beds, carpets, carpet pads, chairs, and sofas.
Feathers
Although it is possible to be allergic to feathers, what we call our “allergy to feathers” is most likely a reaction to the house mites living in the feather pillows, not to the feathers themselves. Remember, feathers are specialized extensions of the skin of birds and are thus composed of epithelial cells, the basic foodstuff of house mites. As a rule, the older the feather pillow, the more of a problem it will present to an allergic person, due to the accumulation of mites over time. A feather pillow is such a perfect environment that a house mite couple finding their way into a feather pillow would no doubt think they’d died and gone to heaven.
Caution: We tend to forget that feathers are used in things other than pillows. Watch out for things like comforters, quilts, down jackets, and sleeping bags.
A Myth About Feathers: “I Can’t Take Egg-Containing Vaccines Because I’m Allergic to Feathers.” Horse feathers! A reaction to feathers has nothing to do with eggs. Egg protein has to do with eggs. If you are truly allergic to eggs, you should take egg-grown vaccines only with great caution, if at all.
Cottonseed
This is one of the most potent allergens for humans. The culprit is a water soluble protein that is used most extensively in fertilizers and animal feeds. It can cause explosive symptoms when those allergic to it are exposed.
For the record, it is extremely unlikely that cottonseed oil contains any active cottonseed allergen, due to its extensive preparation process.
Kapok
Kapok is a light, cotton-like fiber derived from the fruit of the kapok tree, indigenous to Ceylon, India, Indonesia, the Philippines, and South America. After the fruit of the kapok tree is picked, workers remove the seeds and fibers and dry them in the sun. The fibers are lightweight, buoyant, and do not absorb water. It is these qualities that make it useful as a stuffing for mattresses, pillows, sleeping bags, and lifejackets. Like feather pillows, as it ages, it increases as a problem for allergic people, a characteristic some believe is due to its gradual invasion by house mites. Hence, kapok pillows should not replace feather pillows for feather-allergic people.
*21/322/5*

SOME ALLERGENS CAUSING PERENNIAL ALLERGIC RHINITISMammalsAlthough they are not major constituents of modern home furnishings, horse hair and cow hair were at one time used as stuffing in furniture and mattresses, as well as in mattings, padding, and felts. Exposure to these allergens can still occur via older beds, carpets, carpet pads, chairs, and sofas.
FeathersAlthough it is possible to be allergic to feathers, what we call our “allergy to feathers” is most likely a reaction to the house mites living in the feather pillows, not to the feathers themselves. Remember, feathers are specialized extensions of the skin of birds and are thus composed of epithelial cells, the basic foodstuff of house mites. As a rule, the older the feather pillow, the more of a problem it will present to an allergic person, due to the accumulation of mites over time. A feather pillow is such a perfect environment that a house mite couple finding their way into a feather pillow would no doubt think they’d died and gone to heaven.Caution: We tend to forget that feathers are used in things other than pillows. Watch out for things like comforters, quilts, down jackets, and sleeping bags.A Myth About Feathers: “I Can’t Take Egg-Containing Vaccines Because I’m Allergic to Feathers.” Horse feathers! A reaction to feathers has nothing to do with eggs. Egg protein has to do with eggs. If you are truly allergic to eggs, you should take egg-grown vaccines only with great caution, if at all.
CottonseedThis is one of the most potent allergens for humans. The culprit is a water soluble protein that is used most extensively in fertilizers and animal feeds. It can cause explosive symptoms when those allergic to it are exposed.For the record, it is extremely unlikely that cottonseed oil contains any active cottonseed allergen, due to its extensive preparation process.
KapokKapok is a light, cotton-like fiber derived from the fruit of the kapok tree, indigenous to Ceylon, India, Indonesia, the Philippines, and South America. After the fruit of the kapok tree is picked, workers remove the seeds and fibers and dry them in the sun. The fibers are lightweight, buoyant, and do not absorb water. It is these qualities that make it useful as a stuffing for mattresses, pillows, sleeping bags, and lifejackets. Like feather pillows, as it ages, it increases as a problem for allergic people, a characteristic some believe is due to its gradual invasion by house mites. Hence, kapok pillows should not replace feather pillows for feather-allergic people.*21/322/5*

VIRUS INFLUENZA – INTRODUCTION

Although the epidemics that have hit Europe again and again for some decades no longer kill as many victims as at first, we must nevertheless regard influenza as a serious disease, especially when we consider its possible after effects. For example, it can cause pneumonia, or an acute deterioration of a chronic liver condition; it may also affect the kidneys, pancreas and abdominal organs. It is also possible for the myocardium to suffer and eczema to break out. Rheumatism can result from an improperly or incompletely treated bout of flu. All these after effects can possibly be prevented if treatment is given until the cure is complete.
*91/28/1*
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INFLUENZA

Fortunately, not every bout of influenza is as serious as the dreadful viral influenza that killed more people in 1918-19 than the First World War itself. Usually it is quite a harmless illness, but since so many people do not really know what to do when infectious diseases strike, the following suggestions may be helpful. The recommendations made for influenza should be followed in cases of other flu-like and infectious diseases too.

First of all, the bowels must be cleaned out by means of a natural plant laxative. As long as the temperature remains above normal the patient should not eat. To quench his thirst and assist elimin­ation, give fruit juices, orange, grapefruit and grape juices being the most suitable. Should the liver be affected, raw carrot juice should be used instead of fruit juice. Under no circumstances should the fever be reduced with chemical medicines. It is a kind of defence measure, assisting the body by burning up and destroy­ing the viral and other toxins responsible for the illness. The elimin­ation of metabolic waste products through the kidneys is absolutely essential, and for this purpose give a kidney tea with Solidago (goldenrod) or Nephrosolid. Moreover, we can assist the fever and induce sweating by the use of compresses. If the patient should still find it difficult to start perspiring, let him drink hot elder flower tea with lemon juice.

When the normal body temperature has stabilised, first serve raw fruit and other raw foods, followed by light meals, keeping to a vegetarian diet, and as soon as good health has been restored, the patient can return to his usual diet, which should, however, be a natural one.

Following these suggestions, an attack of influenza can be quickly overcome and will not mean the usual long prostration. What is more, the patient will not experience the lingering tiredness and other common after effects of flu.
*90/28/1*
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MENTAL HEALTH: COGNITIVE DISTORTIONS OR DISTORTED THINKING

People troubled by illogical thinking often need the help of a psychologist or psychiatrist who is trained in recognizing cognitive distortions. The expert can point out illogical thinking and actually train a couple to think clearly.
You also can train yourself. The primary rule for clear thinking is to confront your belief with reality, that is, with real evidence. For example, what are the real chances of something you do ending in catastrophe? How many catastrophes have you actually had? Are you really ugly? Or do you have nice features, such as eyes or hair?
Therapists often ask their clients to make lists of good or bad things about themselves. This exercise shows patients that reality is different from their negative ideas. (Likewise, if you believe that nobody likes you, try writing down the names of people with whom you are friendly.)
Dr. Beck has shown that many depressed individuals owe their conditions to cognitive distortions. By removing the distortions, Dr. Beck and his colleagues say, they have been able to clear up depressive symptoms as effectively as drugs do.
In depressed patients, cognitive distortions foster a sense of worthlessness. For example, the patient thinks, “If everybody hates me” (or “If I am ugly,” or “if everything I do is a catastrophe”), “then I must be worthless.” A feeling of worthlessness often attacks non-depressed people who think this way, too.
Dr. Albert Ellis of the Institute for Rational Emotive Therapy in New York City thinks the tendency to distort is built into the human brain.
“When the human race was running through the jungle, thinking that a lion was around the corner was not unreasonable,” Dr. Ellis says lightheartedly. “Even if your perception was distorted – that is, there was no lion – you could live to run another day. Today, perceiving danger where there is none can be crippling.”
Much illogical thinking, he says, also comes from copying the thinking style of one’s parents, teachers, and peers, many of whom may have been trapped by their own distortions.
Dr. Beck reports that, once your thinking is crooked, you will distort what you see and hear and not know you’ve done so. As evidence, he videotaped confrontations between spouses. Later, he asked them to list the good things said. Couples in trouble could not list any. Yet, when the videotape revealed otherwise, neither the husbands nor the wives could remember having heard anything positive. Such distorted perceptions reinforce our mental distortions.
Dr. Ellis says many of the distortions come from unrealistic needs to be totally loved by everyone. Other unrealistic needs include these: “I must be 100 percent right all the time.” “I must have adoring, well-behaved children.” “I must be fashionably dressed all the time.” “Nobody matters but me.”
The bottom line is that the outside world cannot make you feel bad. Unbelievable as it sounds, it isn’t the actual loss of money, fame, or loved ones that affects your feelings. It is what you believe that counts.
Dr. Ellis cites the Roman philosopher Epictetus, who said: “What disturbs men’s minds is not events but their judgments on events.”
*113/266/5*
GENERAL HEALTH

FOOD PROTECTION THROUGH LEGISLATION: FOOD, DRUG AND COSMETIC ACT

The first federal food and drug law was passed in 1906 and was replaced in 1938 by a more comprehensive Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act – also known as the “Pure Food and Drug Law.” This law pertains to food, other than meat and poultry products, sold in interstate commerce and imported and exported foods. It requires that foods be pure, wholesome, and honestly labeled.
Amendments. Several amendments to the law have been enacted. The Miller Pesticide Amendment of 1954 enables the establishment of safe tolerances of pesticides that may remain in foods after they have been harvested. The Additives Amendment of 1958 provides that an additive may be used in a food product only if it can be shown to improve the nutritive quality, appearance, or keeping properties of a food and not to cover up the use of an inferior food. The amendment requires the manufacturer to submit evidence from experimental work on animals that an additive is safe before it may be included in a food product for sale. The Food and Drug Administration examines the evidence, seeks further proof if necessary, and then issues or refuses a permit for the use of the additive, depending upon its findings. The Color Additive Amendment of 1960 provides for the establishment of safe tolerance levels for all colors used in foods. The Fair Packaging and Labeling Act passed by Congress in 1966 authorizes the FDA to set up regulations for packaging and labeling that avoids deceptive practices.
GRAS list. In 1958 when the Food Additives Amendment was enacted about 600 substances were excluded from testing. They had been used for long periods of time without any known harm to consumers, and were “generally recognized as safe” (GRAS). The list included salt, baking powder, baking soda, spices, and minerals and vitamins added to food for enrichment, as well as other substances.
In 1968 the public as well as some scientists became concerned when cyclamates (one of the artificial sweeteners on the GRAS list) were found to produce bladder cancer in animals. The amount of cyclamate required to produce the cancer was so large, that a human being would find it impossible to consume an equivalent amount. Nonetheless, the Delaney clause of the additives amendment specifies that no substance may be added to food if it produces cancer at any level whatsoever. As a result the entire GRAS list is being tested to determine whether any of the substances will produce cancer at any level of feeding.
Enforcement. The food and drug law, together with its amendments, is enforced by the Food and Drug Administration of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Under the law, factories and warehouses may be inspected to ascertain that the raw materials together with processing, packaging, and storage facilities are sanitary. Adulterated and misbranded products may be seized by inspectors and destroyed or relabeled, depending upon the nature of the offense. Flagrant violations may result in the imposition of fines or imprisonment by the courts.
Interpretation of the law. A food is adulterated if it contains dirt, filth, or decomposed material or any substance harmful to health; if it is prepared, packaged, or stored under unsanitary conditions; if it is made from diseased animals; if it contains additives that conceal the poor quality of the food; if it contains unsafe additives, uncertified food colors, or pesticide residues in excess of tolerances; if the packaging material contains substances harmful to health.
Misbranded food is that which has a false, misleading label; a package that
fails to specify the weight, measure, or count of the food; a package that is of misleading size, so that the consumer thinks he is getting more than he actually is; a label that does not clearly state the use of imitations, including artificial color, flavorings, and preservatives; a label that fails to list the name of the manufacturer, packer, or distributor; a label that does not list the amounts of nutrients in products for which a nutritional claim is made.
The Food and Drug Administration also establishes what a product actually is by setting standards of identity, quality, and fill. Foods for which an official standard has been set must contain amounts of ingredients not below the prescribed minimum nor above the legal maximum. This regulation applies also to the addition of required amounts of nutrients for enrichment and fortification. For non-standardized products the ingredients are listed in order from the greatest amount to the least. Standards of quality for canned vegetables, fruits, and meats, and other products pertain to the color, flavor, and freedom from defects. Standards of fill specify how full a container must be.
*113/234/5*
GENERAL HEALTH

CHILD’S HEALTH/SKIN DISORDERS: PSORIASIS CAUSE AND CLINCAL FEATURES

Cause

Psoriasis is a common skin disorder which usually runs in families. Its cause is unknown. In children, girls are more frequently affected than boys, although it is more common in adults on the whole. Areas of skin affected by psoriasis have a very rich blood supply, and tend to grow at a much faster rate than normal skin. Psoriasis is not infectious.

Clinical features

Patches of psoriasis may occur anywhere on the body, but are commonly found on the knees, elbows, umbilicus and groin, and less frequently on the scalp. Sometimes psoriasis may appear in areas of recently healed wounds. Nails can also be involved and have a characteristic pitting appearance. The patches look reddened (like plaques) and have white scaley areas within them. Psoriasis rarely appears before the age of 2 years; when it does, it usually affects the nappy area. In children, psoriasis may suddenly appear following a mild respiratory infection such as tonsillitis. In this case, the rash can last for a few months, after which it fades, but the tendency for the child to suffer from recurrent attacks of psoriasis at a later stage is very strong.

*327\90\8*

FEEDING: THE ADVANTAGES OF BREASTFEEDING

This articles will serve primarily as a guide to mothers who wish to breastfeed but bottle-feeding is also discussed briefly. If you feel that you would like further information on breastfeeding, you should contact the Nursing Mothers’ Association of Australia, your maternal and child health nurse, or your doctor. Speaking to other mothers who have breastfed their babies can also be very helpful.

THE ADVANTAGES OF BREASTFEEDING

It is often said that ‘breast is best’. It is true that human breastmilk is the ideal, natural food for young babies. It is convenient, readily available and inexpensive. It does not need to be modified, comes at the right temperature and is perfectly nutritionally balanced. Breastfed babies suffer less from bacterial gastroenteritis, respiratory tract infections and allergies. Their bowel motions generally smell less offensive than those of babies who are formula-fed. In addition, the hormone oxytocin, which is secreted by the mother during breastfeeding, helps the uterus to contract back to its normal size after the delivery.

*80\90\8*

YOUR MARITAL HEALTH/GETTING FIXED UP SEXUALLY: THE CYCLE SIG

Couples fall into patterns, obligatory daily cycles that can destroy intimacy by boring it away. This opportunity requires a time-schedule change. Couples are asked to’ ‘find an hour for intimacy.” My interviews indicate that the day-to-day requirements of living in our society either erode opportunities for intimacy or numb us to them. I ask the couples to schedule intimacy as follows:

1. You must find one more hour, either by getting up earlier or going to bed later, or taking more time from work, or from wherever and however you can steal an extra hour.

2. Circle days on the calendar that will be scheduled sexual-intimacy days, These times don’t mean intercourse necessarily. On these days, except for illness, nothing will prevent holding, touching, and intimacy. It may not be at night, but it will take place.

3. Let the kids know it. The calendar does not just have to be by the bed, it can be on the refrigerator. You come to behave as you feel, so behave intimately. If you don’t schedule it, it will not happen over time.

4. Always, but always, rise together and go to bed together. Eat breakfast together if possible. There is no such thing as too much intimacy. Ignoring the development of a mutual cyclicity will eventually lead to marital lack of coordination, a relationship clumsiness that ends in separation either in fact or by circumstance. This rising and going to bed at the same time was one of the most difficult of tasks for the couples, but one of the most important. It is not necessary for a good marriage, but it is basic to a super marriage.

5. Spontaneity will take care of itself.Just because you schedule intimacy does not mean that extras can’t happen. It is not unromantic to schedule intimacy. Loving and sexuality is as volitional as it is emotional. Getting on a sex cycle together will help you to find your own sexual Tao.

“What a thing this is,” stated one husband. “I was used to sleeping in an extra hour. Now I get up two hours before I have to just to have breakfast with her. But you know, it has added one whole day a week to our marriage. We have gotten kind of arrogant about it and we like to tell our friends. They can’t believe it.”

His wife added, “He’s right. We don’t talk much. We mumble and stagger around. He reads the paper, I get ready for work, and we both yell at the kids. Actually, we take turns yelling at the kids. But now there is that early time for just us to say hello.”

*190\97\8*

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